Kaiser & Craig stated two basic
propositions affect how management performs. The first proposition that effects
management performance is management behavior as their organizational level
changed. The second proposition that effects management behavior is how significant
they feel within their role. Managers who feel a significant sense of
effectiveness will behave differently than Managers who do not feel valued. Managerial
behavior plays a key role in how employees view the culture of the organization
from top to bottom. An organization that holds managers accountable to ensure
an engaged, effective, trusting, etc. environment will see the organization
growth not just monetary but also in value. Setting the tone from day one is
important.
In 2017 the newest leadership theory is authentic
leadership. A new questionnaire/model (Authentic Leadership Questionnaire) was
created due to “measure authentic leadership” and leaders' emotional
intelligence such as self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized
moral perspective, and balanced processing (Duncan, Green, Gergen, & Ecung;
2017). Research showed that authentic leadership “weakly negatively correlated
with employee burnout (-.27), deviance (-.25) and employee turnover intention
(-.21)”. Research also showed authentic leadership was weak in job performance,
task performance; moderate in organizational citizenship engagement, job
satisfaction and empowerment; strong in trust, satisfaction, and
transformational leadership.
References
Duncan, P., Green, M., Gergen, E., &
Ecung, W. (2017). Authentic leadership--is it more than emotional intelligence?
Administrative Issues Journal: Education, Practice & Research, 7(2), 11–22.
Kaiser, R. B., & Craig,
S. B. (2011). Do the Behaviors Related to Managerial Effectiveness Really
Change With Organizational Level? An Empirical Test. Psychologist-Manager
Journal (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 14(2), 92–119.
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